Struggle for Blacks Rights After Civil War Essay Example For Students

Struggle for Blacks Rights After Civil War Essay After the Civil War and the emancipation proclamation by lincoln the slaves of america were free. This was a huge step in making our country truly free to all people. The reconstruction of the south did not however work out smoothly for the freed slaves. There were many road blocks along the way such as the â€Å"Black Codes†, the Plessy vs. Ferguson case and the terror of the Ku Klux Klan. The 14th amendment gave the freed slaves citizenship and some voting rights. From the reconstruction the 14th amendment the â€Å"black Codes† and the Plessy vs. Ferguson case all had significance on the status of african americans from reconstructoin to 1900. We will write a custom essay on Struggle for Blacks Rights After Civil War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The radical republicans method of reconstruction called for an amendment that would do three things. Extend citizenship for all people. Punnish the southern representation in the house if they didn’t alow black voting, and not allowing and former confederates to hold office. These three things made up the 14th amendment. Also in the radical republican reconstruction plan was the idea of station military in the south. This was very effective in giving the blacks their rights. Unfortunally when the miltary left the rights of the blacks went with them. the white supremecists treated the south as 2nd class people and were not given oppertunities to get any jobs but manual labor. Also the kkk was formed to scare away blacks from voting and keep them in their so called place, the plantation. The 14th amendment was a good thought, but it did not work out how the radical republicans had hoped going into the 1900’sAfter lincoln was shot in december of 1965, vice president andrew johnson took over office. He was a southern man and was not interested in blacks having the same rights as white people. Infact he incouraged southern states to inact laws limiting the blacks freedom. These laws were called â€Å"black codes†. They ranged in harshness through out the states but in all they were in credibly restricting. Blacks were forced to sign a contract for a laborer at the beginning of each year and could not break his contract even if his boss was abusing him. Also there was vagrancey laws which prohibited freed slaves from even walking on city streets. They were a fined and made to work off there debts. The â€Å"black codes† slowed down the evolution of equality between the races consistantly going into the 1900’sAnother very important factor in black history was the Plessy vs. Ferguson supreme court case in 1896 which ruled that segragation is not nessseceraly descrimination and that blacks and whites should be separate but equal, this was mainly a factor in southern schools, whites got 70% of state funding or more for schools. While black children were forced to school in a shack. Blacks were also forced to use different public bathrooms and waterfountains. In 1890 2/3 of blacks were illiterate in the USA. 60% of southern whites won to schools and only 35% of blacks did. This shows that separate was rarly equal. The separate but equal issue continued well into the 20th century. These threee factors have been very important in the evolution in blacks in america. How can stilll see the effects today. Only 40 to 50 years ago blacks were still forced to use different restrooms and water fountains. Bibliography:

Ethics and Computers essays

Ethics and Computers essays Ethics are moral decisions people make based on what they believe is right or wrong. There are many ways to abuse or take advantage of technology and information systems but by applying ethics to these technologies people can hopefully make ethical decisions. When using information think about privacy, accuracy, property, and access to ensure ethical use. Even though email is informal, people still must remember it is permanent after you send it to another person and almost all of the time can be found again even if deleted so people should always use ethics in writing their emails. The Ten Commandments for the ethical use of computers are rules everyone can use to make sure what they are doing is ethical. Ethics or morals can establish questions about what is right and wrong not only for individuals, but how their actions affect society. Individuals can use information systems or technology in ways that are unethical but there are ways to avoid these unethical uses. All individuals have a concept of what is right and wrong. They use these concepts in decision making processes concerning ethical questions. In some instances there may be conflicting answers to these questions. For instance, an employee may be using a spreadsheet or another peace of information to predict sales for the upcoming years and sees an increase. He/She reports this to the boss, who hires new sales representatives. After re-checking information he/she notices some are incorrect. This causes the sales to different then he/she had predicted for the upcoming years. Now the employee has two choices that he/she can choice from which are report his/her mistake, which would result in the new sales representatives being out of a job, and possibly him as well. The alternative is not reporting the mistake. The new sales representative and the employee will keep their jobs for the time being, but the company will lose money. If the mistake is found the new s...

Assesment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assesment - Essay Example build relationships based on mutual trust and confidence so that problems are identified and solved efficiently and workplace conflicts, if any, are amicably resolved. The work responsibilities are shared and follow structured techniques that give each team members gets equal opportunity to exploit his potential. (134) I am well versed in using information technology to enhance the performance and keep up with the advancing technology to provide competitive edge. Use of various computer programs like spreadsheet, database and word processing packages have greatly facilitated in creating database of information for effective analysis. Indeed, raising development fund and creating investment concept that have been an integral part of my work, had become easy because of the computer technology. The financial strategy and plans have involved conducting of efficient, accurate and meaningful analysis, including Capex and Opex analysis, benchmark analysis, financial analysis and investment plans to meet the demands for the various projects and assignments. I have been involved in creating effective and innovative financial planning to manage the organization’s long term and short term financial perspectives. (129) The leadership traits have been important part of my work curricula where changing roles of leadership have become intrinsic to the organizational goals and objectives. I have had to deliver the results within the tight schedules and therefore setting priorities had become important ingredients of the work model. Realizing that the role of leaders, managers and the administrators of the organizations become more challenging when new strategy and policy decisions are introduced in the organizations, the onus had often fallen on my shoulders to ensure effective feedback through participatory approach and helps solve the problems and workplace conflicts amicably. This was a key factor for promoting better understanding among the employees for easy adaptability

Victoria Chemicals Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Victoria Chemicals - Case Study Example Earnings per Share are a portion of profit for the company which is allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. The company had been under pressure from its investors for it to improve its financial performance because of the accumulation of the firm’s common shares by a well known corporate raider. The Earnings per Share had fallen from 180 pence per share by the end of 2007 from 250 pence per share by the end of 2006. To increase its earnings per share, the company required to modernize the Merseyside production process which was old. Lucy Morris, the plant manager at Liverpool believes that the funds for the modernization of the Merseyside Works project could be obtained from the corporate headquarters until several questions were raised. It is therefore quite important for the plant manager and Frank Greystock the controller to address and analyze each question keenly. Based on these issues, Morris will determine the way forward towards modernizing the Merseyside Works project. This way forward includes the analysis of the project in different aspects to determine whether its implementation will be for the good of the overall company. The plant manager will have to choose which category the product lies on based on whether it is a new product or market, market or product extension, engineering efficiency and safety or the environment. The Merseyside Works project is on the engineering efficiency category and will analyzed based on the concerns below. 1. Transport division concerns Victoria Chemicals produces its polypropylene at the Merseyside and Rotterdam works. The Transport Division in the company oversees the transport of all raw, intermediate and finished materials throughout the company. The Merseyside modernization capital project is part and parcel of Victoria Chemicals, and this means that all transport needs should be addressed by the company’s Transport Division. Just as Greystock said, funding from the corporate headquart ers in regard to transport is baseless as the project should make use of the company’s excess capacity. All allocations done on the company, and its subsidiaries go to the Transport Division and hence the division should carry the allocation of the rolling stock required for the project. Transport issues will be dealt by the Transport Division of the company hence no need for funding on this sector. 2. ICG Sales and marketing department concerns Modernizing the Merseyside means improved productivity and increased outputs and with lower costs which enable the company to take business from competitors due to the low prices of polypropylene. The added output will help the company in obtaining full efficiencies. Modernization of the Merseyside plant will help Victoria Chemicals in maintaining its cost competitiveness, and this means that the capital project is a worthy course for the sales and marketing department since it would not lead to cannibalization of the other plants. Be low is the analysis provided by Greystock on the financial performance of Merseyside works 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Output 267,500 267,500 267,500 267,500 267,500 New Gross Profit 21.72 24.83 24.83 24.83 24.93 Old output 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Free cash flow 1.27 3.92 3.86 3.77 3.08 Incremental gross profit 2.32 5.42 5.42 5.42 5.42 The above table clearly shows how the project will perform. Based on the table above, it is evident that the project at Merseyside works will be of great help to Victoria Chemicals plc. Though it may have its share of disadvantages, the advantages of the project under this concern outweigh the negative ones. 3. Concerns of the assistant plant manager Before proceeding with the capital projec

Stinky Trainers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stinky Trainers - Essay Example This means that the goods are owned by the seller (retailer in this case) and, therefore, the seller cannot deny ownership because he is not the manufacturer (Nike). The case of Rowland v Divall applies in this scenario. In this car was bought by the plaintiff from the defendant who was not the owner. It was held that the rightful owner could recover the car. The next consideration here will be whether the parents have a right to claim as far as contract description is concerned. According to section s.13 (1), â€Å"Where there is a contract for selling goods based on description, condition implies that the goods must correspond with the description.† Therefore, this means that goods must agree with the description. The fact that Nike agreed that they had put a cotton canvas in place of artificial lining, implies that the good does not correspond to the description. Therefore, the parents have a right to claim for replacement or refund. This scenario is similar to case of Beal e v Taylor 1967. This concerned a car, which was made of a collection of several vehicles soldered together. The other issue here can also be a consideration of whether the parents have a right as far as the quality of the shoes is concerned. The cases of goods which are usable, but do not meet specific expectations (they have some defect) are addressed in sections.14 (2). The parents have a right to claim for refund or replacement because the shoes are stinky (they are usable but have some defect) and cause embarrassment to the wearer. This is similar to the case law Rogers and another v Parish (Scarborough) Ltd and another 1988. During this case, it was held by the court of appeal that a Range Rover was not of satisfactory quality (un merchantable) even though it was fit to drive. This was because it had a number of defects. Similarly under the same section s.14(2) SOGA 1979, it is not mandatory that the goods be inspected during the time of buying (by the consumer), and that prot ection against defective good is allowed even if Matt had observed that a cotton canvas was put under the laces. Therefore, it can be argued that Matt’s parents can claim for breach of contract. The other part will deal with whether or not Matt’s parents have a right to argue any statements made by Nike Company when contacted by the Watchdog. For instance, one of the statements read: In isolated instances when such a problem has occurred, the company recommends returning of the product to the retailer where the footwear is purchased to ask for a refund or replacement. This statement means that the company accepts to refund the cost of goods purchased if they are found to have a default or do not meet the standards specified. However, they have not mentioned anything concerning liability for any damage caused because of using the shoes. Finally, under rights we shall consider whether the parents have a right to discharge the contract or not. Section s.15 (Sale of Goods Act) implies that the buyer regardless of the magnitude of the damage can discharge a contract (whether big or small). The case law similar to this was that of Arcos Ltd. V E.A. Ronaasen & Son [1933] A. C. 470. This section, however, does not give consideration to liability in clear terms. Therefore, the parents have

Centre of Mass Impact on Roll of Dice

Centre of Mass Impact on Roll of Dice Harrison Back In physics, the centre of mass is defined as The unique part in an object or system which can be used to describe the systems response to external forces and torques (Center of Mass, Hyperphysics.com). It references the overall average mass of an object and assigns that average to a point on or within the object, usually near the centre. This can be seen in Figure 1. Changing the location of the centre of mass affects how the object reacts to external forces. This can be seen though the objects rotational axis. An objects rotational axis is the theoretical line drawn through an object to show how it will rotate. Unless an axle is deliberately created, an object will attempt to rotate around its centre of mass. This can be shown in Figure 2. As pictured, the bats centre of mass is closer to the end than it is the handle. As the path it draws as it circles through the air traces the travel of the centre of mass, the bat appears to spin around in an erratic manner. The path drawn shows the bat circling its rotational axis, which is in the same position as its centre of mass. Another result of the location of the centre of mass of an object is its stability. The closer to the ground an objects centre of mass is, the susceptible to being tipped over it is. This is why professional fighters always recommend you get down low to the ground. In order for an object to successfully be tipped over, its centre of must be moved to a position in front of the base of an object. This can be seen in Figure 3. When it comes to (fair) dice, the centre of mass is in the exact centre of the object. This means all the faces are equidistant from it. The result of this is, after a roll, every face has equal opportunity to come up. However, if the centre of mass is moved from the geographical centre of the dice, then the axis of rotation is changed, and the dice is no longer fair. This is known as weighting the dice, as it is done by making one face effectively heavier than another, causing the opposite face to roll more frequently. In the following experiment, the degree to which weighting two dice affects their average roll. The centre of mass of a cube with uniform density is at the geographical centre of the cube. Because of this, only relatively simple math is necessary to locate it. If the dice edge length is equal to 10 centimetres, then the following reasoning would indicate the geographical centre: a2 + b2 = c2 52 + 52 = 7.0712 52 + 7.0712 = 8.6602 This means that the diagonal length between two opposite corners is equal to 8.66 centimetres, and as the geographical centre falls at the midway point on that line, the centre of mass for that object would be exactly 4.33 centimetres along the longest diagonal line. As the dice being discussed in this experiment are 1cm3, the above calculations can be scaled back by one decimal place to give an end result of 0.433cm along the diagonal line. Unfortunately, these calculations only hold true in the situation where the object has uniform density. As melting the dice will change the density throughout the dice, it is nearly impossible to find the exact centre of mass of the adjusted dice, as one would need to know exactly how dense any portion of the dice is. As the centre of mass is moved further from the middle of the dice, the effectively lighter face will roll upwards more often than not.       Firstly, two six-sided dice were rolled 100 times by the same person to record a baseline to compare against. The same dice were used throughout the experiment for consistencys sake, and the same person rolled the dice every time so as to keep a relatively continuous roll style. After this control was set, the dice were placed one side-down on an oven tray, so as to make that side heavier and thus theoretically cause a six to be rolled more frequently. They were then moved into an oven which had been preheating at 180 ° Celsius for five minutes and left to bake for an additional five minutes. These times were chosen because, in the case of the former, five minutes provided adequate time for the oven to get to temperature, while also not expending unnecessary time, and in the case of the latter, 5 minutes supplied ample time for the dice to become viscous enough to change their centre of mass, while still maintaining a somewhat cubic shape. Of course, they couldnt be expected t o remain perfectly cubic, however, they were to remain cubic enough that they could be easily mistaken as such by a casual onlooker. After the heat treatment, the same dice were rolled by the same person 100 times and the average roll was determined. This was then compared against the initial control group and a conclusion was drawn thusly. .Average: 3.46 Average: 3.22 Unexpectedly, melting the dice so as to lower their centre of mass did not yield the expected result. In fact, even though it was expected that the melted dice would roll a six more frequently, the opposite occurred instead; ones were rolled more frequently than before the melting. This can be seen through the lowered average after the melting, from 3.46 to 3.22. Every piece of background research would suggest that lowering the centre of mass would cause that side to roll downwards more frequently. This means that it was most likely not a flaw in the hypothetical realm, rather one in the practical. The various uncontrollable variables, as well as recommendations should this experiment be repeated, will be discussed further below, in the Evaluation portion of this report. There were many instances in this experiment which could have corrupted the results and caused the hypothesis to not be supported. These include, but are not limited to, the fact the dice were melted by a relatively uncontrollable heat source, the method by which they were rolled, the surface on which they were rolled, and the fact that the dice were not preserved perfectly as they were during the time between the initial, pre oven rolls, and the final, post oven rolls. As the only apparatus available for use with melting dice that was available was a standard kitchen oven, its use could have caused unexpected results. The temperature was not perfectly monitored; rather it was presumed to be approximately 180 ° Celcius. The surfaces the dice were rolled on varied between their pre-oven and post-oven states. Before they were melted, the dice were rolled on a hard, synthetic laminate, while, afterward, they were rolled onto a softer, malleable desk mat made from fabric and a pla stic polymer. This could have resulted in differing roll averages, as the softer surface absorbed more kinetic energy from the falling dice, thus reducing the duration of their roll. During the time between where the dice were unchanged and where they were, they were kept in one of three places. These included a compartment in a school bag, the pocket of a pair of formal pants, and open on a glass desk. This resulted in the dice being moved frequently, interacting and possibly reacting with surrounding elements, as well as each other. The throes of everyday wear could very well have caused minute damages and changes in the dice which could have lead to inaccurate results from them.In summary, if this experiment were to be replicated, several changes would have to be made to the methodology. Firstly, a finely controlled and monitored oven would have to be used. This would result in a more deliberately variable melt; one could precisely decide how much the dice should be exposed to th e heat. Also, a robotic arm should be used in place of a human one. The dice should have specific receptacles by which their roll begins the exact same way every time, and the arm (while still having some degree of variability) would be far more specific with its rolling method. The dice should remain in an airtight, pressurised container. This would function to keep the dice in as pristine condition as possible, and reduce interaction with eroding compounds to a minimum. The dice should be rolled onto a specific surface, and its properties should be closely documented and monitored. Lastly, the experiment should be done in one sitting, as prolonging it increases the risk of a change occurring in any of the many points of failure throughout the procedure. As a result of the experiment being performed in such imprecise ways, the results were different to what was expected. However, as is the case with many high school science experiments, the necessary precision required for this kind of procedure caused inaccuracies in the experimental process and resulted in an unsupported hypothesis. As the background research supported the aforementioned hypothesis, the only plausible fault is as a result of the imperfect nature of the experiment. Work Cited   Ã‚   (Center of Mass)Center of mass. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. N.p., 2017. Web 8 Feb. 2017 (Center Of Mass)Center Of Mass. En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web 1 Mar. 2017 (Torque And Angular Momentum | Physics | Science |Khan Academy)Torque And Angular Momentum | Physics | Science |Khan Academy. Khan academy. N.P., 2017. Web. 1 Mar. 2017 (Socratic.org, 2017)Socratic.org, (2017). Why is the center of mass important in physics> | Socratic. [online] Available at: https://socratic.org/questions/why-is-the-centre-of-mass-important-in-physics [Accessed 1 Mar. 2017]. (Bbc.co.uk, 2017)Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC GCSE Bitesize Science Moments : Revision, Page 4. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/using_physics_make_things_work/moments/revision/4/ [Accessed 1 Mar. 2017]. Farside.ph.utexas.edu. (2017). Centre of mass. [online] Available at: http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/node102.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]

Contrasting Cultures: Spain and Pakistan

Contrasting Cultures: Spain and Pakistan This paper goes through the cultural differences of two countries, Spain and Pakistan based on four â€Å"culture-driving† factors: food, Religion, Clothing and Language. Culture may differ from country to country, family to family or even individual to individual. Mostly a country has its culture ,according to which the citizens of that country behave respectively. â€Å"A nation’s culture resides in the heart and in the soul of its people† (Mahatma Gandhi) Pakistan, which is officially known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan, follows the Islamic law or Shari’aa.It’s obvious that the main religion of Pakistan is Islam. About 96% of the population are Muslims ,out of which 80% are Sunnis and 20% Shia’’s, 2% are Hindus, less than 1% are Christians and the others are Jews, Sikhs, Ismailis etc (Worldtradepress, 2010). As the majority of Pakistanis are Muslims, and is a huge factor in driving the cult ure of Pakistan, all the citizens engage in the Islamic holidays and festivals for example Eid-ul-Adha, Eid-ul-Fitr and respect the Muslims who are fasting in the Holy Month of Ramadan by not drinking or eating in public.Where Pakistan has a dominant religion as Islam, Spain’s dominant religion is Roman Catholicism which comprises of 94% of the population and the remaining 6% are Muslims, Hindus and Jews (kiwiessential. co. uk, n. d. ) The Catholic Church in Toledo implements instructions on the society, but as the rest of the Europe, Spain has now become a secular country so it literally does not have an official religion. Islam and Arab roots of Spain have been present for about 400 years, however in the modern Spain there are only Muslims which are either converts or immigrants from Morocco.Religion does not have great influence on culture in Spain when compared to Pakistan, even though there are dominant religions and minor religions in both countries. The factor which ma kes a person known is the language they speak. Both countries have different languages, Urdu being the national language of Pakistan and Castilian Spanish being the dominant language of Spain. However the similarity of languages in both countries is that the other languages spoken in the country are based on the region.For example, In Pakistan, Punjabi is spoken in Punjab province, Sindhi in the Sindh province and the other languages like Balochi, Siraiki, Pashtu and others adding upto 12 different languages (Saarctourism. org,n. d) Same is in the case of Spain where Castilian (national language) is spoken in Castile, Galician in Galicia, Basque in Euskardi, Calan and Valencia in Catalonia and Valencian region respectively (kiwiessential. co. uk, n. d). All the languages spoken in Spain are not known to Pakistanis and vice versa. Hence language differentiates the two cultures, and basically defines them.Apart from language, dressing of a person makes the other judge from which count ry he or she belongs to. Spanish people wear semi-conservative but fashionable clothes and the way they dress mostly depends on the weather (Hagerty,J 2012) Women mostly wear modest clothes which do not reveal a lot of skin, They prefer not to wear revealing clothes or sleeveless in public and mostly wear skirts, long pants or loose fitting shirts (Worldtradepress, 2010). However in Pakistan, the clothing is mostly conservative, except for the upper class.Shalwar Kameez is the the national dress of Pakistan which is basically a long shirt and loose pants. As the times now in Pakistan have changed, people over there wear both western and traditional clothes, but wearing sleeveless or short dresses are looked down upon. The trend of Jeans-Kameez is very common in the women now ( Korener S. & Rusell, I. , 2010) However, not wearing Shalwar Kameez by women is still not accepted in many parts of Pakistan and moreover women or girls are expected to wear the most modest clothes and sta y â€Å"covered† as it is a very conservative society as well as a Muslim country.Pakistani clothes are mostly rich in embroidery and full of colours (mapsofworld. com) whereas the people in Spain wear clothes which are mainly made of wool, cotton or leather because of the geographical situation of the country (Hagerty J. , 2012) The clothes worn in the two countries differentiate each other a lot and mostly the Pakistani clothing especially to women is driven by the religion factor. The next culture-driving-factor is food. Food is always different â€Å"regionally† throughout the globe.Pakistani food uses a lot of spices and herbs making it an exquisite cuisine. Lentils are eaten a lot as well as wheat and flour products such as Chapatti, which are like the Mexican Tortillas, are eaten almost daily. The use of clarified butter known as Ghee is widely used in the middle-class and low-class of Pakistanis, however now the people are more health conscious which has reduce d its use in the upper class. Pakistanis are big lovers of pickles and sour pastes called as chutneys which make their food even tastier. Saarctourism. org,n. d) On the other hand, Spain’s food is nothing like that of Pakistan’s. They ate very mild food and mostly have Continental breakfast, a Heavy lunch and a light dinner (Harkins A, 2011). Wine is a must for them during lunch and so are the desserts mainly Black Pudding The lunch is mostly a four course meal with a soup, a fish or egg dish, a meat dish served with vegetables and a dessert mainly a pastry or custard (Porter D, & Prince D, 2004). However the famous dishes vary from city to city in Spain.Due to the Islamic law any kind of alcoholic beverage is not included in Pakistani meals unlike Spain. Rabbit, Chicken and Pork are the main meats eaten in Spain (expatfocus. com, n. d. ) whereas in Pakistan ,due to Islamic law Pork is not allowed, hence chicken, lamb and beef are mostly eaten (saarctourism. org). In conclusion, after reading this paper the clear conclusion which comes is that both the cultures are extremely different. They rarely have any similarity. The main point is that Pakistan’s culture is driven by Religion whereas Spain’s culture is driven by Region!References * Expat Focus, n. d, Spain- Food and Drink, accessed on 5/11/2012, available URL http://www. expatfocus. com/expatriate-spain-food-drink? gclid=CMzKzYuVurMCFSHHtAodmjMA2Q * Hagerty, J 2012, 10 Facts about Clothing in Spain, accessed on 6/11/2012, available URL http://www. travels. com/travel-tips/advice/facts-clothing-spain/ * Harkins, A 2010, Espana, accessed on 6/11/2012, available URL http://dreamweaver. reinhardt. edu/harkins91109/spain-cultures. html * Kiwi essential, n. , Spain Culture Guide: Religion in Spain, accessed 5/11/2012, available URL http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/articles/spain/Spain-culture-guide-Religion-in-Spain/21 * Kiwi essential, n. d, Spain-Language, culture, Customs An d Etiquette, accessed 5/11/2012, available URL http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/resources/global-etiquette/spain-country-profile. html * Koerner, S & Russell, I 2010, Unquiet Pasts,p382-385, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. , accessed on 6/11/2012, URL http://books. google. ae/books? id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382&dq=nati

Learning experience paper acrophobia Essay

Have you ever been on top of a large building and were too afraid to look over the side? Have you ever climbed a really tall tree and were too afraid to climb down? I have, when I was younger I climbed a really tall tree and when I got to the top I looked down, I was too afraid to climb back down. What I was experiencing was a fear of heights know as acrophobia. Acrophobia (n.d.) according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is an abnormal dread of being in a high place: fear of heights. I believe that most people become a little scared when it comes to heights. There is nothing wrong with having acrophobia to an extent. It is a defense mechanism our bodies use to stop us from walking off cliffs. The problem is when a natural instinct becomes paranoia. For example, someone who has acrophobia would be scared, nervous, and or panic inside a safe environment like a skyscraper. Symptoms There are many symptoms of the fear of heights (acrophobia) that may occur when up on a tall building or high place. Many people with acrophobia can become dizzy, excessive sweating, nausea, sick to their stomachs, shaking, dry mouth, and unable to speak. One of the main symptoms of acrophobia is fear of dying. Some of these symptoms can then turn into a full blown anxiety attack. â€Å"Discomfort anxiety tends to be specific to certain uncomfortable or dangerous situations- and consequently shows up in such phobias as fear of heights† (Ellis, 2003, p.83). It is only believed that between 2 and 5 percent of the world’s population actually suffers from acrophobia, and that twice as many woman are affected by acrophobia then men. A common misconception with the fear of heights is people calling it vertigo. Vertigo happens to people when they are on a tall building and look down from the top. Vertigo is a sensation that causes a person to feel like  they are spinning eve n though they are not. So even though vertigo occurs to a lot of people when they high in the air, it does not mean they are afraid of heights. Some Causes What causes people to become afraid of heights? Some psychologist believe that the fear of heights enters your life from something that happened in your past. Psychologist believe that it is caused by some emotional trauma that has to do with heights. For example a person who is suffering from acrophobia may have fallen out of a tall tree when they were little. It is also believed that this condition can be triggered by trauma seen in a movie, television, or a real life event involving another person that has to do with heights. Research and Studies There has been some research done on the fear of heights. Psychologists by the name of Gibson and Walk did an experiment in 1960 called â€Å"Visual Cliff†. The â€Å"Visual Cliff† experiment was an experiment to see if babies who were still crawling would cross a thick piece of glass that covered a steep drop off. They then put the mother on the other side of the drop off to call the baby over to the other side. Even with the mother calling the crawling babies to come to them, the babies still did not cross over the glass. This experiment shows that most humans if not all humans have acrophobia at least partially ingrained in our genetics. I believe this is part of our survival instincts. The Cure Many people who are suffering from acrophobia are often prescribed medications to help them out with their fear of heights. Medications will not actually cure someone of their fears it only masks them. In some cases the side effects of the drugs may be worse than a fear of heights. One of the best treatments for acrophobia is cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy involves exposing a person to heights and helping them develop coping skills that will help them increase their confidence and change their thought process towards heights. How I would go about my fear of heights is by actually facing my fears. I would take baby steps when facing this fear. I would find a tall building, I would go to the top of it,  and I would then would walk as close to the edge as I could before the fear overcomes me. I would then mark that spot on the ground, I would then come back the next day and take 1 step closer. I would keep that up each day until I get to the edge, and each day I would tell myself to trust my body and building there is nothing to be afraid of. I believe this would be the best approach for me to overcome my fear of heights. Conclusion Suffering from acrophobia can be something that is hard for a person to deal with. I do believe that we all have a fear of heights, it may be very minute but I do believe we all have it. I think the only way to cure a phobia or fear is to face them. I personally know facing fears is very hard to do but once I overcome the fear it was an incredible feeling. References Ellis, A. (2003). Discomfort anxiety: A new cognitive-behavioral construct (part I). Journal of Rational – Emotive & Cognitive – Behavior Therapy, 21(3-4), 183. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220282433?accountid=458 Acrophobia. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acrophobia

Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points - Explanation and Text

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points - Explanation and Text One of the key US contributions to the end of World War I was  President Wilson’s Fourteen Points. These were an idealistic plan for rebuilding Europe and the world after the war, but their adoption by other nations was low and their success wanting. American Enters World War I In April 1917, after several years of entreaties from the Triple Entente forces, the United States of America entered World War I on the side of Britain, France, and their allies. There was a range of reasons behind this, from outright provocations, like Germany restarting unrestricted submarine warfare (the sinking of the Lusitania was still fresh in people’s minds) and stirring up trouble via the Zimmerman Telegram. But there were other reasons, such as America’s need to secure an allied victory to help, in turn, secure the repayment of the many loans and financial arrangements the US had organized, which were propping up the allies, and which may be lost if Germany won. Some historians have also identified US President Woodrow Wilson’s own desperation to help dictate the terms of the peace rather than being left on the international sidelines. The Fourteen Points Are Drafted Once American had declared, a massive mobilization of troops and resources took place. In addition, Wilson decided America needed a firm set of war aims to help guide policy and, equally as importantly, begin to organize the peace in a manner which would be lasting. This was, in truth, more than some of the nations went to war with in 1914†¦ An inquiry helped produce a program that Wilson would endorse as the Fourteen Points. The Full Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. The World Reacts American opinion was warmly receptive to the Fourteen Points, but then Wilson ran into the competing ideals of his allies. France, Britain, and Italy were hesitant, with all wanting concessions from peace that the points weren’t prepared to give, like reparations (France and Clemenceau were stiff supporters of crippling Germany through payments) and territorial gains. This led to a period of negotiations between the allies as ideas were smoothed through. But one group of nations who began to warm to the Fourteen Points was Germany and its allies. As 1918 went on and the final German attacks failed, many in Germany became convinced they could no longer win the war, and a peace based on Wilson and his Fourteen Points seemed to be the best they would get; certainly, more than they could expect from France. When Germany began arrangements for an armistice, it was the Fourteen Points they wished to come to terms under. The Fourteen Points Fail Once was the war was over, Germany having been brought to the verge of military collapse and forced into a surrender, the victorious allies gathered for the peace conference to sort the world out. Wilson and the Germans hoped the Fourteen Points would be the framework for negotiations, but once again the competing claims of the other major nations – mainly Britain and France – undermined what Wilson had intended. However, Britain’s Lloyd George and France’s Clemenceau were keen to give in some areas and agreed to the League of Nations. Wilson was unhappy as the final agreements – including the Treaty of Versailles – differed markedly from his goals, and America refused to join the League. As the 1920s and 30s developed, and war returned worse than before, the Fourteen Points were widely considered to have failed.

Organizations as Machines and Systems of Political Activity

Organizations as Machines and Systems of Political Activity An effective leader should understand major principles of organizational change, development and behavior. Morgan (2006) introduced (and provided an in-depth analysis of) certain metaphors to use to evaluate organizations’ effectiveness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizations as Machines and Systems of Political Activity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These metaphors help analyze effectiveness of the organizational structure and behavior; it can also help evaluate performance of the company and each employee (Renz, 2009). It is possible to consider two metaphors to illustrate this point. Organizations as machines and organizations as systems are two metaphors which can be used to evaluate different aspects of the organization. Organization as a machine is a metaphor that depicts the organization as a machine where all systems work according to some algorithms (Morgan, 2006). Departments are seen as di fferent subsystems of a single machine. The major focus is made on productivity and performance. Such concepts as bureaucracy and technocracy become central. In terms of this metaphor, organizations function according to a plan with no deviation (Morgan, 2006). This metaphor can help evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy chosen. When seeing an organization as a machine, it is rather easy to trace deviations from the plan if any. Performance can also be easily evaluated as it is rather easy to check whether the organization or a particular employee reaches goals set (or even starts working on time) or not. Nonetheless, there is a drawback in this metaphor which prevents leaders from evaluating interpersonal relationships within the company. However, effective leaders should be aware of the relationships existing in the company (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). The use of this metaphor is also ineffective when concentrating on the change and development of new creative ideas as machines do not create, they only perform. Another metaphor can help focus on relationships within the organization. Unlike the metaphor considered above, the present one does not focus on performance or efficiency. According to Morgan (2006), it is possible to consider the organization as a system of political activity. Thus, such concepts as leadership, power, conflict and relationships come to the fore. In terms of this theory, the leader can trace a variety of links between employees and departments. This can help the leader understand needs and aspirations of the employees, which, in its turn, will help to develop proper approaches applicable in various situations with different individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this organizational metaphor prevents the leader from properly evaluating efficiency and performance of the employees and the entire compa ny. It is hardly possible to trace development of innovative ideas. This metaphor is rather ‘narrow’ as it focuses on a particular aspect of organizational behavior. Remarkably, the two metaphors focus on different concepts and are somewhat ‘narrow’. Nevertheless, when used together, these metaphors can help evaluate performance of the organization. More so, leaders should exploit all the metaphors revealed by Morgan (2006) as they reflect a particular facet of organizational development. The use of these metaphors will help the leader get a complete analysis of an organization. In conclusion, it is possible to note that Morgan’s metaphors are helpful when it comes to analysis of organizational behavior. Each metaphor focuses on a particular facet and, hence, it is important to use all the metaphors to have all the necessary data to develop proper approaches and leadership strategies. More so, it is vital to switch between the metaphors in different periods of the organization’s lifetime as sometimes leaders should pay more attention to particular concepts. Reference List Kinicki, A., Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational behavior. Burr Ridge, ILL: McGraw Hill. Morgan, G. (2006). Images of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Renz, L.M. (2009). Metaphor: Imagery devices used by Morgan to describe organizations as culture and psychic prisons. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 2(1), 54-65.

Higher Government Spending Must be Good for Growth Essay

Higher Government Spending Must be Good for Growth - Essay Example That’s why this issue regarding government spending is important, if it’s not done properly, the country might face a serious financial crisis. Types of Government Spending There are numerous sources that enable the government to undertake such a big task. It has to get sufficient amount of funds to be invested for economy’s growth. Some of the areas for Government Spending can be Transfer Payments, Investment, Subsidies and Grants etc. (Alexiou and Anastasiadis 12) Transfer Payments are those unrequited payments as no such money is asked for as an exchange when this payment is made. After setting social welfare programs, Governments redistribute income among the deserving people, and these transfer payments are used to provide these incomes. Subsidies given by the government body should not be mixed with these specific payments given. With sound stewardship, along with a high degree of accountability, transparency and integrity, these transfer payments are manag ed by government (Weinbach and Paul 344). ... Another source for government/public spending is ‘Subsidies and Grants’. Government take out a certain proportion from the capital reserves (money collected from taxes or other financial sources) they already have and then spend a certain amount of this money for the welfare and betterment of the society. Usually, these subsidies and grants are used to industrialize a state and encourage business owners to continue their business and economic activities (Nijkamp and Poot 124). Another source for Government spending can be ‘investment’. Investment is the foundation of Economic Growth and increases standard of living in the long run. Investments in human capital, education, labor skills and training, investment in physical capital, infrastructure and lastly investment in innovation, these all types of investments enables the economy to increase its growth and use its resources in the best possible way. Many of the high-income countries exist due to the presenc e of infrastructure in the country and this is mainly due to the investment that takes place (Wahab 135) Potential Benefits Governments make use of numerous grants and subsidies to support employment in the country, either by subsidizing private companies or by providing employment guarantees to the workers. Government procurement has been extensively used from past many years to require ‘fair wages’ from private contractors. In addition to this, government spending on social security benefits produces extra demand, because it gives greater purchasing and spending power to the citizens who would otherwise have very low real incomes and thus, this extra spending power

Brand Integrity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Integrity - Assignment Example He should communicate with the employees, and recognize their contribution towards the brand promise. In an unfavorable economic environment, holding on to the loyal customers is the key to success. The article poses five questions as part of the ‘Excellence Audit’. These questions focus on team members being committed to a common cause and giving in their best to achieve that cause. This audit uncovers the strengths and weaknesses of the organization with the help of quantitative data. A quiz comprising of ten questions that helps examine how connected the employees are to the brand promise is also mentioned in the article. The article puts forth a potentially controversial argument that the customers come second and that, in reality, employees of the organization who serve these customers come first. The article, through a dialogue conveys that the marketplace customer is â€Å"first† but the employee serving the customer is â€Å"more first†. The internal ambience, excitement, exuberance and spirit of the organization should create that magnetic pull on the customer, asserts the article. The article also suggests that every employee has the potency to become a leader if the leadership development process is initiated early. When the business environment is not propitious, say there is a recession, cost cutting, layoffs are a common phenomenon. The pressure on profitability may lead managers to ignore the needs of the employees as well as the customers. I feel that gains obtained by compromising the brand promise or not treating the employees in a fair manner would be short-lived. An organization gains the most through its loyal customers. It is important to remember that customers will remain loyal only if the brand delivers on its promise. Thus, any attempt to hoodwink the customer will have adverse consequences on brand performance. As stated in the