Imperialism And Population Migration During New Zealand

Brownlow (2005) states that â€Å"colonisation, imperialism and population migration have always lead to the demise of languages† (para. 2), and this ‘rule of thumb’ is no different in New Zealand. In the early 1900s te reo MÄ ori (the MÄ ori language) was, by and large, the sole language spoken by the MÄ ori population, yet by the 1930s many MÄ ori were bilingual. (Higgins Keane, 2014). Higgins Keane (2014) attribute this to the negative societal attitude toward speaking te reo MÄ ori in schools -that eventually spilled into home environments- and the fact that many Europeans advocated for monolingualism. As a result of years of this abuse, te reo MÄ ori was threatened with extinction. (Spolsky, 2003). The 1970s and 1980s were decades where many†¦show more content†¦(Fishman, 2013). Giacalone Ramat (1983) succinctly defines language shift as â€Å"the change of habits by a linguistic community as it gradually substitutes one linguistic var iety of traditional use with another variety, either long present in the community itself or newly introduced† (p. 495), and mentions that language shift is the precursor to the terminal phases of language death, language loss and language extinction. Fishman (as cited in Department of Internal Affairs, 2014) adds that the stages to language shift include increased contact with mainstream groups, an increase in the new language being spoken by migrants, and learner proficiency in the new language that subsequently leads to better opportunities. These stages fit with events and views held in early colonial New Zealand and were the impetus for language shift in New Zealand. The attempted assimilation of MÄ ori into mainstream society had an extremely negative effect on MÄ ori language and culture and is an example of one such act. Fleras (1985) describes that early British-MÄ ori policy included the need to protect and assist MÄ ori, but as virtually all legislation was concentrated on complete MÄ ori assimilation into the mainstream, it seems that assimilation was always the primary objective. The policy of assimilation was â€Å"to establish government control over the MÄ ori by phasing out as humanely as possible theShow MoreRelatedNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 33 Notes * Foundations of empire * Motives of imperialism * Modern imperialism * Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personalRead MoreComparison Of Old World Imperialism And Globalization2577 Words   |  11 Pagesold-world Imperialism and Globalization reveal about the two systems? â€Å"In Globalization 1.0, which began around 1492, the world went from size large to size medium. In Globalization 2.0, 1800-2000, the era that introduced us to multinational companies, it went from size medium to size small. And then around 2000 came Globalization 3.0, in which the world went from being small to tiny.† This quote by Friedman reflects the widely held view- that contemporary globalization is not a new phenomenonRead MoreThe Postcolonial Of Amitav Ghosh s Novels Let Us Begin3362 Words   |  14 PagesBhabha, 1990) and Culture and Imperialism (Edward Said, 1993). A recurring feature of postcolonial writing is the attempt to identify the differential cultural identity. As oppositional discourse, postcolonial literature seeks to undermine the European discursive tradition that has promoted the entire process of imperialization. The postcolonial theory challenges system of conceptualizations and representation that justify and help maintain imperialist power during and after the age of colonizationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam WineburgRead MoreHas Globalization Change Culture and Societal Norms?3163 Words   |  13 Pagesimprove and sustain local and national economic growth (Giddens 2009). This essay will evaluate how globalisation and the rise of neo-liberalist political ideologies have resulted in changes to cultural and societal norms, impacting upon welfare and migration. The global effects of social exclusion and marginalisation affecting individuals and communities will also be discussed, with particular focus on how this has impacted upon women in society. Lyons (2006) suggests globalisation is a process impactingRead MoreThe Future of Globalization5305 Words   |  22 Pagesthe late 1800s and lasted until the start of the 1900s. It was caused by a combination of falling transport costs and a reduction in tariff barriers. This opened up the possibility of using abundant land countries (Argentina, US, Australia and New Zealand). People immigrated to these countries and capital was invested in manufacturing in these countries. (World Bank, 2000) The second wave came in the early 19th century and lasted until World War I. Policies such as import tariffs were introducedRead MoreRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 PagesAmericas and in India. 2. The unprecedented costs of the wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries drove European governments to seek new sources of revenue at a time when the intellectual environment of the Enlightenment inspired people to question and to protest the state’s attempts to introduce new ways of collecting revenue. B. The Enlightenment and the Old Order 1. The Enlightenment thinkers sought to apply the methods and questions of the Read MoreSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 Pagesconfronting Indigenous people are included, with particular attention to racism. ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER POPULATIONS The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that in 2006 there were 517,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in Australia. Overall, Indigenous people make up 2.5% of the total Australian population. Among the Indigenous population in 2006, it is estimated that 463,700 (90%) were of Aboriginal origin, 33,300 (6%) were of Torres Strait Islander originRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention Essay3737 Words   |  15 Pageshumanitarian intervention, undertaken with increasing frequency during the last few decades, is to protect the citizens of the target state from violations of their fundamental human rights usually by agents of the state. Humanitarian interventions have also been conducted in some cases where existing institutions of the state, have been rendered incapable of providing even the minimum degree of security and order to their populations. In such cases sovereignty ceases to exist and the privilegesRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 PagesAmericans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas. Many indigenous peoples were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations. Many formed new tribes or confederations in response to European colonization. Well-known groups included the Huron, Apache Tribe, Cherokee, Sioux, Delaware, Algonquin, Choctaw, Mohegan, Iroquois (which included the Mohawk nation, Oneida tribe, Seneca nation, Cayuga

Biography of Willa Cather, American Author

Willa Cather (born Wilella Sibert Cather; December 7, 1873 to April 24, 1947) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer who gained acclaim for her novels capturing the American pioneer experience. Fast Facts: Willa Cather Known For: Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer whose novels captured the American pioneer experienceBorn:  December 7, 1873 in Back Creek Valley, Virginia, USADied:  April 24, 1947 in New York City, New York, USAEducation: University of Nebraska–LincolnSelected Works: My à ntonia (1918), O Pioneers! (1913), Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927), One of Ours (1922)Awards and Honors: 1923 Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, 1944 Gold Medal for Fiction from the National Institute of Arts and LettersNotable Quote:  There are only two or three human stories, and they go on repeating themselves as fiercely as if they had never happened before. Early Life on the Prairie Willa Cather was born on the farm of her maternal grandmother, Rachel Boak, in the poor farming region of Back Creek Valley, Virginia, on December 7, 1873. The oldest of seven children, she was the daughter of Charles Cather and Mary Cather (nà ©e Boak). Despite the Cather family having spent several generations in Virginia, Charles moved his family to the Nebraska frontier when Willa was nine years old. After spending about eighteen months attempting to farm in the community of Catherton, the Cathers moved into the town of Red Cloud. Charles opened a business for real estate and insurance, and the children, including Willa, were able to attend formal school for the first time. Many of the figures in Willa’s early life would appear in fictionalized form in her later novels: most notably her grandmother Rachel Boak, but also her parents and her friend and neighbor Marjorie Anderson. As a girl, Willa found herself fascinated by the frontier environment and its people. She developed a lifelong passion for the land and befriended a wide array of the area’s residents. Her curiosity and interest in literature and language led her to forge connections with immigrant families in her community, especially older women who remembered the â€Å"Old World† and who delighted in telling young Willa their stories. Another of her friends and mentors was the local doctor, Robert Damerell, under whose guidance she decided to pursue science and medicine. Student, Teacher, Journalist Willa attended the University of Nebraska, where her career plans took an unexpected turn. During her freshman year, her English professor submitted an essay she had written on Thomas Carlyle to the Nebraska State Journal, which published it. Seeing her name in print had a huge impact on the young student, and she shifted her aspirations immediately towards becoming a professional writer. While at the University of Nebraska, Willa immersed herself in the world of writing, particularly journalism, although she also penned short stories. She became the editor of the university’s student newspaper while also contributing to the Journal and to the Lincoln Courier as a theatre critic and columnist. Quickly, she gained a reputation for her strong opinions and sharp, intelligent columns, as well as for her dressing in masculine fashions and using â€Å"William† as a nickname. In 1894, she graduated with her B.A. in English. In 1896, Willa accepted a position in Pittsburgh as writer and managing editor for Home Monthly, a women’s magazine. She continued to write for the Journal and the Pittsburgh Leader, mostly as a theatre critic while running Home Monthly. During this period, her love for the arts brought her in contact with Pittsburgh socialite Isabelle McClung, who became her lifelong friend. After a few years of journalism, Willa stepped into the role of teacher. From 1901 to 1906, she taught English, Latin, and, in one case, algebra at nearby high schools. During this time, she began publishing: first a book of poetry, April Twilights, in 1903, and then a short story collection, The Troll Garden, in 1905. These caught the eye of S.S. McClure, who, in 1906, invited Willa to join the staff of McClure’s Magazine in New York City. Literary Success in New York City Willa was extremely successful at McClure’s. She ghostwrote a notable biography of Christian Science founder Mary Baker Eddy, which was credited to researcher Georgine Milmine and published in several installments around 1907. Her position as managing editor earned her prestige and the admiration of McClure himself, but it also meant that she had significantly less time to work on her own writing. On the advice of her mentor Sarah Orne Jewett, Willa left the magazine business in 1911 to focus on fiction. Although she no longer worked for McClure’s, her relationship with the publication continued. In 1912, the magazine published, in serial, her first novel, Alexander’s Bridge. The novel was well-reviewed (although Willa herself would, later in life, consider it a more derivative work than her later novels). Her next three novels cemented her legacy. Her â€Å"Prairie Trilogy† consisted of O Pioneers! (published in 1913), The Song of the Lark (1915), and My à ntonia  (1918). These three novels centered on the pioneer experience, drawing on her childhood experiences of life in Nebraska, the immigrant communities she loved there, and her passion for the untamed land. The novels included some autobiographical elements, and all three were celebrated by critics and audiences alike. These novels shaped her reputation as a writer who used plain but beautiful language to write thoroughly American romantic literature. Dissatisfied with her publisher’s lack of support for her novels, Willa began publishing short stories with Knopf in 1920. She would eventually publish sixteen works with them, including her 1923 novel One Of Them, which won the 1923 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel. A subsequent book, 1925’s Death Comes for the Archbishop, also enjoyed a long legacy. At this point in her career, Willa’s novels were beginning to move away from epic, romantic tales of the American prairie to stories that leaned into the disillusionment of the post-World War I era. Later Years As the 1930s rolled around, literary critics soured on Willa’s books, criticizing them for being too nostalgic and not contemporary enough. She continued to publish, but at a much slower pace than before. During this time, she received honorary degrees from Yale, Princeton, and Berkeley. Her personal life also began to take a toll. Her mother and the two brothers with whom she was closest all passed away, as did Isabelle McClung. The bright spot was Edith Lewis, the editor who was her closest companion from the early 1900s until her death. Scholars are divided as to whether or not the relationship was romantic or platonic; Willa, a deeply private person, destroyed many personal papers, so there is no certain evidence either way, but scholars of the queer theory have often interpreted her works through the lens of this partnership. Willa’s personal life remained something she kept closely guarded, even after her death. Willa despaired over the coming conflicts of World War II, and she began to have issues with an inflamed tendon in her writing hand. Her final novel, Sapphira and the Slave Girl, was published in 1940 and marked a significantly darker tone than her previous works. In 1944, the National Institute of Arts and Letters awarded her the gold medal for fiction as a mark of her lifetime of literary achievement. In her final years, her health began to decline, and on April 24, 1947, Willa Cather died of a cerebral hemorrhage in New York City. Legacy Willa Cather left behind a canon that was both plainspoken and elegant, accessible and deeply nuanced. Her portrayals of immigrants and women (and of immigrant women) have been at the center of much modern scholarship. With a style that encompassed sweeping epics along with realistic depictions of frontier life, Willa Cather’s writings have become iconic pieces of the literary canon, both in America and worldwide. Sources Ahearn, Amy. Willa Cather: A Longer Biographical Sketch. Willa Cather Archive, https://cather.unl.edu/life.longbio.html.Smiley, Jane. Willa Cather, Pioneer. The Paris Review, 27 February 2018, https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/27/willa-cather-pioneer.Woodress, James.  Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987.

Construction Of Oil Rigs And Producing Oil - 1327 Words

Introduction: In the industry of producing oil for the world’s energy sources, safety should always remain the top priority in the creation of oil rigs and producing oil. There are multiple steps in building these massive devices and each of the steps have to be handled with the greatest of care. These steps are assembling and maintenance. Assembling is the part where the workers put together the structure of the rig and ensure that it is set up correctly. â€Å"Maintenance is where the drilling equipment failure is monitored and operational so that they do not fail when producing oil† [1]. Well control is where employees monitor the drilling fluid pressure and blowout preventions. It can be difficult for workers to complete their tasks if a hazard or danger occurs. The safety procedures are focused on Assembly and Maintenance because they are key elements in the creation of oil rigs. The construction of the rig and the maintenance of the design have to be looked over to ensure that the structure is working properly. While there are already safety concerns that the industry is aware of, they are sometimes overlooked by the idea that hazards do not occur very often when working on rigs. This idea is true in terms of the hazards occurring not very often but sometimes when something goes wrong, the hazards present themselves and the consequences can be severe. â€Å"These safety concerns are involved with the process of placing and assembling the parts of equipment that create theShow MoreRelatedCurrent Ethical Issues on Oil Spill1482 Words   |  6 Pagestheir domestic consumptions of oil have led to increased prices of gasoline whereby alternative forms of energy production are sought. With this in mind, offshore drilling can be a viable option for satiating the need of oil and also to boost the economy of the nation. In this report, I am going to discuss how the current Deepwater Horizon rig explosion has led to disastrous oil spill into the Gu lf of Mexico causing environmental problems and also discuss how the oil spill if resolved and with safeRead MoreBaker Hughes Incorporated ( Bhi / Nyse )858 Words   |  4 PagesHughes Incorporated (BHI/NYSE) Baker Hughes is a top-tier oilfield service company that is headquartered in Houston, Texas. The company provides oil and gas exploration and production companies worldwide with products and services for drilling, formation valuation, production, and completion. Baker Hughes also provides services for downstream segments of the oil and gas industry. Technological innovation is at the center of Baker Hughes’ success. The company is over 100 years old, with 60,000 employeesRead MoreShould The North Dakota Pipeline Lead A Negative Ecological Impact? Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthat will transfer about 470,000 to 570,000 barrels of crude oil a day through four states, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, and Iowa. The pipe is thirty inches in diameter and â€Å"will connect the rapidly expanding Bakken and Three Forks production areas in North Dakota to Patoka, Illinois† (Energy Transfer Partners). This pipeline is hoped to help the US become less dependent on foreign oil and is a safer and cheaper way to move crude oil compared to rail car or trucks. It is also estimated to bringRead MoreDrilling Rigs : Offshore Drilling5013 Words   |  21 Pages An offshore drilling rig is a machine that creates holes (usually called wells or boreholes) and/or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be huge structures that house equipment which is then used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas wells. The term â€Å"rig† refers to the complexity of the equipment that is used to penetrate deep into the surface of the earth’s hard crust. Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled through the seabed. Typically carried outRead MorePros and Cons of Energy Sources1119 Words   |  5 Pages Pros and Cons for Oil Pros Cons - Readily available - Creates jobs for economy when required to drill and transport - Largest provider of electricity - The world has been using oil for the last 100 years - Not much new technology will be required to extract oil - Use of oil continually grows the U.S. economy - If certain regions would be allowed to drill oil in, then more oil could be extracted and the price could lower for gasoline - Production of oil rigs could lead to the development ofRead MoreThe Extension Of The Lease1506 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, paragraph twenty-three (â€Å"Extension of the Lease†) references the primary term and states â€Å"the original two (2) year primary term.† It appears the language cannot be harmonized by other evidence in the lease, so an appropriate canon of construction may apply. Even though there is an ambiguity, a court would likely find that the habendum clause prevails over recitals stated in paragraph twenty-three; therefore, the primary term would be three years. The language states the lease will expireRead MoreEconomics On The Fuel Economy1375 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine the overall number economic impacts relating to oil spills and the overall oil producing economy. The United States economy is highly dependent upon fuel. Fuel is a major source that come from fossil fuels from all around the world. Fossil fuels are used to fuel cars and airplanes, power electricity plants, and heat our homes. So this lies around the question, where does fuel come from? There are 3 forms of fuel, coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal is found in many of the lower 48 statesRead MoreEurasia Drilling, A Provider Of Drilling Services1815 Words   |  8 Pagesonshore drilling conducted in CIS. It offers its onshore integrated well construction services and workover services to local and international oil and gas companies primarily in Russia and its offshore drilling services to Russian and international oil and gas companies in the Russian, Kazakh and Turkmen sectors of the Caspian Sea. Its onshore drilling services include the construction of production, exploration and appraisal oil and gas wells and certain other types of wells, including vertical, deviatedRead MoreT he United States Energy Industry Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesto the occasion as an alternative to other fossil fuels such as coal because it burns cleaner. As the oil reserves in many parts of the world are being depleted, the availability of a viable alternative such as natural gas is becoming increasingly important. So too is the lure of the future possibility of energy independence for countries both developed and developing. 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The Rise of Christianity in the Roman Republic free essay sample

Throughout the Roman republic and most of the empire, the Roman religion was polytheistic. The religion was based on the Greek religion and included multiple gods and goddesses who were anthropomorphic and cruel. However, during the first century of the Common Era, Judaism and â€Å"mystery religions† such as Mithraism, Eleusis, and Christianity were becoming increasing popular. Roman rule tried to control the spread of these religions but eventually Christianity became the chief religion of Rome and its empire. In the early stages of these new religions, Rome was surprisingly tolerant. Many rulers allowed citizens to practice these religions and asked only for simple patriotism and to recognize the holidays of Roman gods. Most Jews and Christians were uncooperative with this notion. In fact, many radical Jews and Christians emerged. A notable radical Jesus, who was an orthodox Jew, led and taught â€Å"the good news† to his followers. This stubborn disobedience enraged rulers such as Nero and Diocletian, who ordered for many Christian persecutions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Christianity in the Roman Republic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diocletian ordered that churches and sacred books be destroyed throughout the Empire. Nero is best known for a devastating fire which was rumored to have been started by Nero himself. He tried to end these rumors by punishing many Christians as a distraction. Persecutions were common and often resulted in death. Women were persecuted the same as men. Christians accepted Jesus as their messiah after he had been put to a gruesome death under the orders of Pilate. At this time, the Roman Empire was in economic turmoil and Christian persecutions were its last attempt at control. A major turning point in the history of Christianity occurred in 312 of the current era. The story is told that Constantine, Roman emperor during this time, had a dream telling him to decorate his shield with the Greek letters for Christ. When he did so and was victorious during battle, Constantine decided that he would convert to Christianity. Constantine also ended all persecutions and allowed all Christians to worship freely. Theodosius the Great took the work of Constantine a step further. He forbade any religion to be practiced except Christianity. This movement gave many more privileges to the church. Churches could now own property and were exempt from certain taxes. Christians were finally free to live and worship. The phenomenon of Christianity was not a battle won easily. There were many cruel and devastating punishments to those who practiced against Roman religion. Men and women were put to death or forced into hiding in the first century. However, as the population of Christians grew rapidly, Roman law found it necessary to revise laws and allow Christianity within the Empire. Christians had won the victory of faith and progressed onward through history.